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1.
Rev. Méd. Clín. Condes ; 31(3/4): 287-303, mayo.-ago. 2020. ilus, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-1223751

RESUMO

La vacunación es la medida preventiva más costo-efectiva para evitar las enfermedades infecciosas inmunoprevenibles, a nivel individual y comunitario. Los riesgos biológicos laborales, deben ser manejados en un sistema de gestión del riesgo, donde la vacuna es el elemento clave de protección personal (EPP) específico cuya provisión y uso obligatorio tiene normas legislativas referidas a la entrega por el empleador, la capacitación en la prevención y el uso por el trabajador. En Chile, hay 8.364.282 trabajadores según datos de Superintendencia de Seguridad Social (SUSESO). La Ley 16.744 y sus Decretos Supremos (DS) indican las condiciones que se deben mantener en los lugares de trabajo y el derecho a saber por parte del trabajador; también existen circulares del Ministerio de Salud que incluyen situaciones y grupos especiales laborales a vacunar, pero es necesaria una normativa que oriente a trabajadores dependientes e independientes y a empleadores sobre qué vacunas colocar, en qué situaciones y a quiénes dependiendo de la actividad laboral. En este artículo, hacemos una reseña de la situación legal, de recomendaciones en otros países y enumeramos algunas vacunas que podrían implementarse en la población expuesta a riesgo.


Vaccination is the most cost-effective measure for immune-preventable infectious diseases, at individual and community level. Biological occupational hazards must be faced in a risk management system, where the vaccine is a specific key as an element of personal protection, whose provision and obligatory use has legislative norms related to the delivery by the employer, the training in the prevention and the use by the worker. Several countries count with technical guides for vaccination in the working population. In Chile in 2018, there were 8.364.282 workers according with Superintendence of Social Security. Law 16.744 and Supreme Decrees indicate the environmental conditions for workers and the right to know the risks; also, Ministry of Health has issued circulars where some working conditions need specific vaccination. Is for that reason that is necessary a regulation that guides dependent and independent workers and employers on when and which vaccines must be used depending on the labor activity. In this article, we review the legal situation, other guides in different countries and list some vaccines that could be implemented in the population at specifical risks.


Assuntos
Humanos , Vacinas/administração & dosagem , Controle de Doenças Transmissíveis , Saúde Ocupacional , Vacinação/métodos , Doenças Profissionais/prevenção & controle , Riscos Ocupacionais , Chile , Imunização/métodos , Doenças Profissionais/imunologia
2.
Rev. chil. pediatr ; 90(5): 559-562, oct. 2019.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-1058184

RESUMO

Resumen: A pesar del enorme impacto de las vacunas en la salud de la población, estas han sido y son objeto de cuestionamientos por grupos que las consideran innecesarias o inseguras y argumentan que las personas tienen el derecho a decidir sobre si estas deben ser administradas o no. Sin embargo el uso de vacunas tiene connotaciones distintas a otras decisiones en salud, ya que no vacunar impacta no solo al individuo, sino también a la comunidad que lo rodea. El inmunizar a un alto porcentaje de la población permite limitar la circulación de los agentes infecciosos, logrando la llamada inmunidad comunitaria que protege a los no vacunados por razones médicas o porque son muy pequeños. Por esta razón muchos países han definido las vacunas como obligatorias. Como Comité Consultivo de Inmunizaciones nos parece que esta estrategia es correcta sin embargo debe ser acompañada por una política de educación de la población y personal de salud sobre los beneficios y riesgos reales de las va cunas. Así mismo es necesario introducir mejoras en el sistema de notificación de reacciones adversas a vacunas haciéndolo más accesible. Adicionalmente se debe dar respuesta oportuna a los afectados por supuestas o reales reacciones a vacunas y en los casos de eventos adversos graves efectivamente asociados a vacunas. Entregar cobertura económica y acompañamiento. Finalmente es esencial la coordinación entre los diferentes actores y comunicadores para transmitir mensajes que generen confianza y respondan a las inquietudes de la población de hoy en día.


Abstract: Although vaccines have had a tremendous impact in public health they are questioned by certain groups that consider them unnecessary or unsafe and argue in favor of the right to decide to be vacci nated or not. However vaccines must have special considerations because unlike other medical deci sions, not vaccinating has consequences not only for the individual but also for other members of the community. Immunizing a high proportion of the population limits the circulation of an infectious agent attaining what is called community or herd immunity that protects the susceptible members of the group. For this reason many countries consider vaccination mandatory as a responsibility of every citizen. This committee agrees with this view but thinks other strategies should be implemented as well, such as special educational efforts for the public and parents addressing benefits and real risks of vaccinating. Also health care professionals should be trained in vaccines. The notification system for adverse events currently available should be improved and be more accessible. Persons truly affected by adverse events due to vaccination should receive on time responses and be offered psychological and financial support. Finally all stakeholders should make coordinated efforts to work together to deliver messages that answer concerns on vaccines and bring confidence back to the public.


Assuntos
Humanos , Vacinas/administração & dosagem , Vacinação/estatística & dados numéricos , Recusa de Vacinação/psicologia , Política de Saúde , Pais/psicologia , Chile , Saúde Pública , Educação em Saúde/métodos , Vacinação/legislação & jurisprudência , Pessoal de Saúde/organização & administração , Imunidade Coletiva , Recusa de Vacinação/legislação & jurisprudência
3.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 35(4): 395-402, ago. 2018. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-978050

RESUMO

As last notified case of poliomyelitis due to wild poliovirus type 2 was 1999, in 2012, the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization (SAGE) of the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended the withdrawal of the type 2 component of oral polio vaccine (OPV) and the introduction of bivalent OPV (bOPV) in all countries by 2016. WHO recommended also that the withdrawal should be preceded by the introduction of at least one dose of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) in routine immunization schedules. The introduction of IPV prior to the change of the bOPV in 2016 to trivalent OPV (tOPV) was based on the concept of ensuring that a substantial proportion of the population would be protected against type 2 polio after the removal of the type 2 OPV. However, the world's two producers of IPV (Bilthoven Biologicals and Sanofi) have faced problems in the production of this vaccine and therefore reported reduction in IPV global supply. In response to the possible shortage of IPV, the SAGE and Technical Adviser Group (TAG) of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), in the meeting of March 10, 2017, has urged that countries in the Latinamerican region should replace the routine administration of the full doses of polio inactivated vaccine (IPV-C) in the immunization schedule (administered by intramuscular route) by the administration of a fraction of the full dose in two shots by intradermal route (IPV-f). The possibility of this strategy was analyzed by leaders of opinions gathered by the call of the Paraguayan Pediatric Society with the support of the Latin American Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (SLIPE) and Latin American Association of Pediatrics (ALAPE). The results of the discussion are presented in this document.


Assuntos
Humanos , Lactente , Criança , Poliomielite/prevenção & controle , Vacina Antipólio de Vírus Inativado/administração & dosagem , Vacina Antipólio Oral/administração & dosagem , Vacinação/métodos , Programas de Imunização/métodos , Erradicação de Doenças/métodos , Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde , Fatores de Risco , Esquemas de Imunização , América Latina
4.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 34(6): 583-586, dic. 2017.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-899763

RESUMO

Resumen A pesar del enorme impacto de las vacunas en la salud de la población, éstas han sido y son objeto de cuestionamientos por grupos que las consideran innecesarias o inseguras y argumentan que las personas tienen el derecho a decidir sobre si éstas deben ser administradas o no. Sin embargo, el uso de vacunas tiene connotaciones distintas a otras decisiones en salud, ya que no vacunar impacta no sólo al individuo, sino también a la comunidad que lo rodea. El inmunizar a un alto porcentaje de la población permite limitar la circulación de los agentes infecciosos, logrando la llamada inmunidad comunitaria que protege a los no vacunados por razones médicas o porque son muy pequeños. Por esta razón muchos países han definido las vacunas como obligatorias. Como Comité Consultivo de Inmunizaciones nos parece que esta estrategia es correcta; sin embargo, debe ser acompañada por una política de educación de la población y personal de salud sobre los beneficios y riesgos reales de las vacunas. Así mismo es necesario introducir mejoras en el sistema de notificación de reacciones adversas a vacunas haciéndolo más accesible. Adicionalmente, se debe dar respuesta oportuna a los afectados por supuestas o reales reacciones a vacunas, y en los casos de eventos adversos graves efectivamente asociados a vacunas. entregar cobertura económica y acompañamiento. Finalmente, es esencial la coordinación entre los diferentes actores y comunicadores para transmitir mensajes que generen confianza y respondan a las inquietudes de la población de hoy en día.


Although vaccines have had a tremendous impact in public health they are questioned by certain groups that consider them unnecessary or unsafe and argue in favor of the right to decide to be vaccinated or not. However vaccines must have special considerations because unlike other medical decisions, not vaccinating has consequences not only for the individual but also for other members of the community. Immunizing a high proportion of the population limits the circulation of an infectious agent attaining what is called herd immunity that protects the susceptible members of the group. For this reason many countries consider vaccination mandatory as a responsibility of every citizen. This committee agrees with this view but thinks other strategies should be implemented as well, such as special educational efforts for the public and parents addressing benefits and real risks of vaccinating. Also health care professionals should be trained in vaccines. The notification system for adverse events currently available should be improved and be more accessible. Persons truly affected by adverse events due to vaccination should receive on time responses and be offered psychological and financial support. Finally all stakeholders should make coordinated efforts to work together to deliver messages that answer concerns on vaccines and bring confidence back to the public.


Assuntos
Humanos , Sociedades Médicas , Vacinação/normas , Programas de Imunização/normas , Programas Obrigatórios/normas , Recusa de Vacinação/legislação & jurisprudência , Chile , Controle de Doenças Transmissíveis/legislação & jurisprudência , Controle de Doenças Transmissíveis/normas , Fatores de Risco , Vacinação/legislação & jurisprudência , Programas de Imunização/legislação & jurisprudência , Programas Obrigatórios/legislação & jurisprudência , Política de Saúde
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